Solvent property of aqueous or nonaqueous solvents are directly affected by the physical and chemical factors such as liquid range, dielectric constant, donar and aceptor property, solvent property, size of molecule etc. Some characteristics properties of solvent with governs its utility as solvent as follows:
- Liquid Range: The mpt and bpt of solvent indicate the range of temperature over which it can exist in liquid state. Solvents having low mpt and high bpt have high liquid range and acts as better solvent. The solvent that are liquid in room temperature ie 25 C under one atmospheric pressure are most useful.
- Dielectric Constant Value: Dielectric constant determines the ability of a solvent to dissolve ionic compounds. Solvents with high dielectric constant can easily dissolve ionic compounds. Hence with high dielectric constant are most useful.
- Donar and Aceptor Property: The ability of solvent to dissolve a substance also depends on its ability to solvent cations and anions. Solution of cation involve formation of complexes in which ligand are itself solvent molecules. So the solvents should have good donar property. Aceptor property are usually manifested less specially.
- Solvent Polarity: The solution of cation and anion also depends on solvent polarity. If the solvent molecule is more polar the better it is able to use its negative and positives poles to solute the cations and anions respectively. Therefore the solvent with high polarity is most useful.
- Size of Solvent Molecule: For maximum ion solvent interaction the solvent molecules should have small size and both ends of it should be able to interact with ions in the same ways as water interact with cation and anion to dissolve it.
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