We Chemist

What are non-aqueous solvents?

Debendra Subedi 0 In-Organic Chemistry 1:43 AM

<font size="5">The solvent is that compound which can make the matter dissolves within it. Water is a solvent which can dissolve salts and many other compounds within it up to saturated level. In scientific terminology, water is taken as aqueous (as aquatic animals, aquatic things etc). So water is taken as an Aqueous solvent. It is also recognized as a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-universal-solvent-605762#:~:text=Water%20is%20called%20the%20universal,polar%20molecules%2C%20such%20as%20salts." target="_blank">Universal solvent.</a> </font><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><font size="5">What are non-aqueous solvents?</font></h1><div><font size="5">From the above introduction about solvent. It is crystal clear that water is known as an aqueous solvent. So those solvents which are not water are called non-aqueous solvents. </font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJv3e4EOZIv95ZYESYjczHceAeJaOXI6Xk3Md5tNiSd1-KxoRgE5Kh9abkPpPj6lI3sKYbxNwVvCnKf5tN7ivwTcg0Dqbngq0qNQiCS3wet5_X6zImwWIiUwc3VBeNCkkx7PP99ZsVDI/s274/nonaqueous+solvent.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><font size="5"><img alt="non aqueous solvents" border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="274" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJv3e4EOZIv95ZYESYjczHceAeJaOXI6Xk3Md5tNiSd1-KxoRgE5Kh9abkPpPj6lI3sKYbxNwVvCnKf5tN7ivwTcg0Dqbngq0qNQiCS3wet5_X6zImwWIiUwc3VBeNCkkx7PP99ZsVDI/w320-h258/nonaqueous+solvent.png" title="Non Aqueous Solvent" width="320" /></font></a></div></div><div><font size="5"><br /></font></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><font size="5">Examples of other non-aqueous solvents.</font></h3><div><font size="5">Organic compounds such as Alcohol, Acetone, Ether, Benzene, Carbon Tetra Chloride etc are known as <a href="https://wechemist.blogspot.com/2014/04/solvent-property.html" target="_blank">non-aqueous solvents</a>.</font></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

What are non-aqueous solvents?

The solvent is that compound which can make the matter dissolves within it. Water is a solvent which can dissolve salts and many other compo...

Lattice Energy

Debendra Subedi 0 In-Organic Chemistry 2:52 PM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The stability of ionic solid is measured in terms of its lattice energy. Lattice energy is defined as the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystal is formed from one mole of gaseous positive and one mole of gaseous negative ions, when these are separated from each other by infinite distance. Greater the value of lattice energy, more stability in the ionic solid.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Na</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1;">+</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> (g) + Cl</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1;">−</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> (g) → NaCl (s)</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3vErGJyi-Juug8oej2vt5wRk0LhWg9vTYs663f274nzdddYNFbamx_OyqqOuPCkBTcQDBSOL4dnMAaaO25j42_CuxjPHnmr9RK_UVM5S_a640S9pELy98NFgK4SAYY_gW30N0Bi-hpw/s1600/lattice+energy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3vErGJyi-Juug8oej2vt5wRk0LhWg9vTYs663f274nzdddYNFbamx_OyqqOuPCkBTcQDBSOL4dnMAaaO25j42_CuxjPHnmr9RK_UVM5S_a640S9pELy98NFgK4SAYY_gW30N0Bi-hpw/s1600/lattice+energy.png" /></a>The lattice energy of the sodium chloride is -782 KJ/mol. The negative sign indicates that the process is exothermic and that of the system is lowered as the solid is formed.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Factors affecting lattice energy:</h4>
<div>
The force of attraction between oppositely charged ion governed by</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Their Ionic Radii</li>
<li>The charge on the ions</li>
</ol>
<div>
It is given by the equation F= q1q2/r2</div>
</div>
<div>
where q1 and q2 are the point charges seperated by distance r in the vacuum.<br />
<br />
It is observed that if the radii of the ions are large, the force of attraction will be less. This is better illustrated if we compare the stability of NaCl and CsCl. The force of attraction between the large Cs<sup>+ </sup>ions and Cl<sup>-  </sup>ions will be less than that between the smaller Na<sup>+ </sup>ions and Cl<sup>-</sup> ions. As a result, CsCl is less stable than NaCl. We may say that the stability of an ionic solid increase with decrease interionic distance for crystals with similar ionic charges.<br />
<br />
The role played by the charges on the ions demonstrated if we compare the lattice energy of BaO and NaCl, since both have very similar inter nuclear distance (NaCl=281 pm and Ba=277 pm). Since Ba consist of doubly charged <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Ba</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">2+ </sup>and <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">2- </sup>ions, the force of attraction is much large than that in NaCl which contains singly charged ions. Hence BaO is more stable than NaCl. The stability of ionic charge for crystal with similar inter ionic distance.<br />
<br />
SOME LATTICE ENERGY OF COMPOUNDS<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2QNaL0AFrI5unsAndjkIeaUQjafR214KxnVo01yzKjeMrmd_q_ZYuA5W73pB0KY75KZeeDkMdkXVZy8d05YfJMH1Iu31YzM3X2fAGp_-KkqI7EEDdvNxs3hjd12dur8TMkdMY5q6DzP0/s1600/lattice+energy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lattice Energy of chemical compounds" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2QNaL0AFrI5unsAndjkIeaUQjafR214KxnVo01yzKjeMrmd_q_ZYuA5W73pB0KY75KZeeDkMdkXVZy8d05YfJMH1Iu31YzM3X2fAGp_-KkqI7EEDdvNxs3hjd12dur8TMkdMY5q6DzP0/s1600/lattice+energy.gif" title="Lattice Energy of chemical compounds" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lattice Energy of chemical compounds</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></div>
</div>

Lattice Energy

The stability of ionic solid is measured in terms of its lattice energy. Lattice energy is defined as the energy released when one mole of ...

Macromolecule

Debendra Subedi 0 Physical Chemistry 3:13 PM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
There are many substances especially biomolecular and synthetic polymers which have their single molecules so large that they form colloidal solution directly in the solution. These molecules are termed as macromolecules. In case of the simple molecules, the molecular weight is simply the sum of the atomic weights of the atmospresent and each molecule have molecular weight but in case of macro molecule, all molecules may not have same chain and hence molecular weight. So the molecular weight of such molecules are taken as the average of the molecular weight of different chains.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqzuYoJn5zhS6Gi9fDS_d0znes-nB1FSE17O2sT-AmgB_b0yr7IcGZWahFjTXwIMI2HVCv3sfrI-_WD0-NObmCRJlQ87Qk5b-4wtzqYEJWHPCCzqJt0xwDfKwrPYbXhokwAJiQgmgIew/s1600/images+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="macromolecules" border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqzuYoJn5zhS6Gi9fDS_d0znes-nB1FSE17O2sT-AmgB_b0yr7IcGZWahFjTXwIMI2HVCv3sfrI-_WD0-NObmCRJlQ87Qk5b-4wtzqYEJWHPCCzqJt0xwDfKwrPYbXhokwAJiQgmgIew/s1600/images+(1).jpg" title="Figure of macromolecules" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Macromolecules</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
According to the IUPAC standard definition macromolecules is a single molecule which is used in polymer sciences. In the solution of macromolecules high concentration may alter the reaction rate and equilibrium constant such types of effect is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular_crowding" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">molecular crowding</a>. Plastic, Synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, graphene are some examples of macro-molecules.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Determination molecular weight of macromolecules :</h4>
<div>
There are several ways to determine the molecular weight of macro molecules some of them are discussed under following topics:</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>From <a href="https://wechemist.blogspot.com/determination-of-molecular-weight-of-macromolecules-by-osmotic-pressure-method.html" target="_blank">Osmotic Pressure method</a></li>
<li>From <a href="https://wechemist.blogspot.com/determination-of-molecular-weight-of-macromolecules-by-Viscocity-measurement.html" target="_blank">Viscosity measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wechemist.blogspot.com/determination-of-molecular-weight-of-macromolecules-by-sedimentation-method.html" target="_blank">Sedimentation method</a> </li>
</ol>
</div>
<br /></div>

Macromolecule

There are many substances especially biomolecular and synthetic polymers which have their single molecules so large that they form colloida...

Magic with Chemicals

Debendra Subedi 0 Video 6:11 PM

Magic with Chemicals

Every things what happen in this world can described by chemistry. Look some magic with chemicals in lab. Never try such types of chemical...

Solvent Property

Debendra Subedi 0 In-Organic Chemistry 8:50 AM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Solvent property of aqueous or nonaqueous solvents are directly affected by the physical and chemical factors such as liquid range, dielectric constant, donar and aceptor property, solvent property, size of molecule etc. Some characteristics properties of solvent with governs its utility as solvent as follows:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Liquid Range</b>: The mpt and bpt of solvent indicate the range of temperature over which it can exist in liquid state. Solvents having low mpt and high bpt have high liquid range and acts as better solvent. The solvent that are liquid in room temperature ie 25 C under one atmospheric pressure are most useful.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXSVywTkXLvvdmHzmQpbRb6CmXJLLpiFZAoLr_N56txE1oDUuRbA6zTgt1IqeH2T5BkE9LFOfzXAwWpGAhHP8TKgIhEGUQd1nMKZm0KrS6xdLgOQo0U_NK5CbxjsbthdbycvUTgX3OQQ/s1600/nonaqueous+solvent.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Solvent Property" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXSVywTkXLvvdmHzmQpbRb6CmXJLLpiFZAoLr_N56txE1oDUuRbA6zTgt1IqeH2T5BkE9LFOfzXAwWpGAhHP8TKgIhEGUQd1nMKZm0KrS6xdLgOQo0U_NK5CbxjsbthdbycvUTgX3OQQ/s1600/nonaqueous+solvent.png" title="Solvent Property" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><b>Dielectric Constant Value</b>: Dielectric constant determines the ability of a solvent to dissolve ionic compounds. Solvents with high dielectric constant can easily dissolve ionic compounds. Hence with high dielectric constant are most useful.</li>
<li><b>Donar and Aceptor Property</b>: The ability of solvent to dissolve a substance also depends on its ability to solvent cations and anions. Solution of cation involve formation of complexes in which ligand are itself solvent molecules. So the solvents should have good donar property. Aceptor property are usually manifested less specially.</li>
<li><b>Solvent Polarity</b>: The solution of cation and anion also depends on solvent polarity. If the solvent molecule is more polar the better it is able to use its negative and positives poles to solute the cations and anions respectively. Therefore the solvent with high polarity is most useful.</li>
<li><b>Size of Solvent Molecule</b>: For maximum ion solvent interaction the solvent molecules should have small size and both ends of it should be able to interact with ions in the same ways as water interact with cation and anion to dissolve it. </li>
</ol>
</div>

Solvent Property

Solvent property of aqueous or nonaqueous solvents are directly affected by the physical and chemical factors such as liquid range, dielect...

Non-Aqueous Solvent

Debendra Subedi 0 In-Organic Chemistry 8:25 AM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Solvent other than water is known as non-aqueous solvent. Most chemical reactions are carried out in solvent and of course water is an ideal solvent for many substances. However some reactions can't be studied in aqueous solution rather can be studied in non-aqueous solvent such as anhydrous liquid Ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide, liquid HF, Sulphuric Acid etc.<br />
<br />
<b>Some Useful Links for Non-Aqueous Solvents:</b><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIgV-83Movnl1cvIZ7oZ9vxVALIguLdMQ2RWSWMIcVJ4dJCKYEELz7ksid_UGiN69-XBTljfz0oh7QuzKpDaoY9pTnH96TtUYPJz66emv13frNqgJa0R_Bf5cvWbx_OGs2CaP7UgOra0/s1600/nonaqueous+solvent.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSIgV-83Movnl1cvIZ7oZ9vxVALIguLdMQ2RWSWMIcVJ4dJCKYEELz7ksid_UGiN69-XBTljfz0oh7QuzKpDaoY9pTnH96TtUYPJz66emv13frNqgJa0R_Bf5cvWbx_OGs2CaP7UgOra0/s1600/nonaqueous+solvent.png" /></a>
<li><a href="http://wechemist.blogspot.com/2014/04/liquid-ammonia-as-solvent.html" target="_blank">Liquid Ammonia as Solvent</a></li>
<li><a href="http://wechemist.blogspot.com/2014/04/liquid-sulphur-dioxide-as-solvent.html" target="_blank">Liquid Sulphur Dioxide as Solvent</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" target="_blank">Inorganic Nonaqueous solvent</a> in Wikipedia</li>
</ol>
</div>

Non-Aqueous Solvent

Solvent other than water is known as non-aqueous solvent. Most chemical reactions are carried out in solvent and of course water is an idea...

Borazine

Debendra Subedi 0 In-Organic Chemistry 7:42 AM

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Borazine is a inorganic compound containing 3-3 nitrogen and boron with 6 hydrogen atoms. Borazine is cyclic in structure having polar de-localized pie-electrons. Due to the polarity of the electrons in the structure they are highly reactive.It have aromatic smell and colorless for eyes.Sometimes borazine is also known as borazol, borazole or benzol.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCEM6f9NbHoemn00Aql2yPUGfHeKNDVkdvnyrblUxXcO7mWJUuABIEoCZZF3be4g53UqswWi6r5ZZPRpTKq1khnkqOTq3jZDEcu4EGFKCn1s7BiFoWxinb0YwU7v0gALAtet8DRH0NJ0/s1600/Borazine.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Structure of Borazine" border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCEM6f9NbHoemn00Aql2yPUGfHeKNDVkdvnyrblUxXcO7mWJUuABIEoCZZF3be4g53UqswWi6r5ZZPRpTKq1khnkqOTq3jZDEcu4EGFKCn1s7BiFoWxinb0YwU7v0gALAtet8DRH0NJ0/s1600/Borazine.png" title="Structure Of Borazine" width="320" /></a>Physical Properties of Borazine:</h4>
<div>
Molecular Formula: B3N3H6</div>
<div>
Molar Mass:  80.50 g/mol</div>
<div>
Color : Colorless</div>
<div>
Odor :Odorless </div>
<div>
Mpt : -58 degree C</div>
<div>
Bpt : 161 C </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Borazine is commonly known as inorganic benzene. Due to the followings reasons it is known as inorganic benzene.</div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Like benzene, borazine is also consists of hexagonal ring.</li>
<li>Like benzene, borazine also have de-localized pie-electrons with aromatic character.</li>
<li>Borazine also participate in addition and substitution reaction like benzene.</li>
<li>Physical properties of borazine benzene are also similar such as molecular weights, melting and boiling point, enthalpy of vaporization.</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Re-activity of Borazine:</h4>
<div>
The only one difference between borazine and benzene is that borazine is more reactive than benzene.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In benzene, pie-electrons are completely de-localized in the ring however in borazine due to difference in electronegativity between Boron and Nitrogen the B-N bond become polar further more the pie-electrons are partially de-localized in the ring. Consequently, the borazine ring become weak and less stable hence it is more reactive than benzene.</div>
</div>

Borazine

Borazine is a inorganic compound containing 3-3 nitrogen and boron with 6 hydrogen atoms. Borazine is cyclic in structure having polar de-l...